What was the primary goal of Commodore Matthew Perry's expedition to Japan?

Commodore Matthew Perry's expedition to Japan primarily aimed to establish a trade relationship between the United States and Japan. In the mid-19th century, Japan had largely isolated itself from the rest of the world, adhering to a policy known as sakoku, which limited foreign influence. Perry's arrival in 1853 with his "Black Ships" was meant to pressure Japan into opening its ports to American trade. This mission was significant because it marked the end of Japan's isolationist policies and paved the way for the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, which facilitated trade between the two nations.

While there could be elements of military showmanship in Perry's approach, the overarching objective was to open Japan to American commerce and to secure coaling stations and trade routes for the U.S. Navy. Thus, the focus on establishing a trade relationship was the centerpiece of Perry's expedition and had long-lasting implications for both countries.