Which African nation was never colonized by a European power during the imperialist era?

Ethiopia stands out as the only African nation that successfully maintained its sovereignty and was never colonized by a European power during the imperialist era. This distinction is largely due to its military resilience and strategic diplomacy.

In the late 19th century, Ethiopia was able to decisively defeat the Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. This victory not only secured Ethiopia’s independence but also became a symbol of resistance against colonialism across Africa. Emperor Menelik II played a crucial role in unifying the country and modernizing the military, which helped to fend off European encroachment.

In contrast, Egypt became a protectorate of the British Empire in the late 19th century following economic difficulties and the construction of the Suez Canal, which increased European interest and control in the region. Kenya and South Africa both experienced significant colonization, with British powers establishing control over these territories, leading to major social, economic, and political changes, including the imposition of settler societies and severe disruption of indigenous ways of life.

Understanding Ethiopia's unique position during this era reveals the broader dynamics of imperialism in Africa, highlighting how some nations were able to resist colonization through a combination of military strength and effective leadership.